Liquid ratio is a thermodynamic ratio of a liquid obtained by dividing boiling point by melting point of a substance in absolute temperature scales (in kelvin or rankine scales). This ratio is used for defining range of kinetic stability of its liquid state. If the substance has higher boiling point than its melting point, then its liquid ratio is greater than one; if the substance has lower boiling point than its melting point, then its liquid ratio is less than one, meaning the substance does not form a liquid state and would sublime (meaning it changes directly from solid to gas) when heated to its boiling point or deposit (meaning it changes directly from gas to solid) when it cools to its boiling point.
Substances have an average liquid ratio of about 1.8, meaning their boiling points tend to be about 1.8 times the absolute temperature of their melting points. The substance with the highest liquid ratio is galinstan (an alloy of gallium, indium, and tin), whose liquid ratio is 9.40. Faradium has the highest liquid ratio of any element, at 9.08, followed by gallium (8.18), and avogadrium (6.83).
Examples[]
| Substance | Melting point | Boiling point | Liquid ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetic acid | 289 K (521°R) | 391 K (705°R) | 1.35 |
| Acetone | 178 K (320°R) | 329 K (592°R) | 1.85 |
| Aluminum | 933 K (1680°R) | 2792 K (5026°R) | 2.99 |
| Ammonia | 195 K (352°R) | 240 K (432°R) | 1.23 |
| Amperium | 799 K (1438°R) | 1052 K (1893°R) | 1.32 |
| Argon | 84 K (151°R) | 87 K (157°R) | 1.04 |
| Arsenic | 1090 K (1962°R) | 887 K (1596°R) | 0.81 |
| Avogadrium | 688 K (1239°R) | 4700 K (8460°R) | 6.83 |
| Berzelium | 281 K (506°R) | 1134 K (2043°R) | 4.04 |
| Bromine | 266 K (479°R) | 332 K (597°R) | 1.25 |
| Calcium | 1115 K (2006°R) | 1757 K (3163°R) | 1.58 |
| Carbon | 4578 K (8240°R) | 3915 K (7046°R) | 0.86 |
| Carbon dioxide | 218 K (392°R) | 195 K (350°R) | 0.89 |
| Carbon disulfide | 162 K (292°R) | 319 K (575°R) | 1.97 |
| Carbon monoxide | 68 K (123°R) | 82 K (147°R) | 1.20 |
| Cavendishium | 935 K (1684°R) | 1401 K (2523°R) | 1.50 |
| Chlorine | 172 K (310°R) | 239 K (430°R) | 1.39 |
| Copernicium | 161 K (290°R) | 422 K (759°R) | 2.62 |
| Copper | 1358 K (2444°R) | 2834 K (5102°R) | 2.09 |
| Democritium | 1313 K (2363°R) | 2004 K (3608°R) | 1.53 |
| Ethanol | 159 K (286°R) | 352 K (633°R) | 2.21 |
| Faradium | 607 K (1093°R) | 5510 K (9918°R) | 9.08 |
| Flerovium | 339 K (610°R) | 416 K (749°R) | 1.23 |
| Fluorine | 53 K (96°R) | 85 K (153°R) | 1.59 |
| Galileum | 953 K (1716°R) | 1348 K (2427°R) | 1.41 |
| Galinstan | 254 K (457°R) | 2385 K (4293°R) | 9.40 |
| Gallium | 303 K (545°R) | 2477 K (4458°R) | 8.18 |
| Gibbsium | 1008 K (1814°R) | 1669 K (3003°R) | 1.66 |
| Gold | 1337 K (2407°R) | 3129 K (5632°R) | 2.34 |
| Helium | 0.95 K (1.72°R) | 4.23 K (7.61°R) | 4.43 |
| Hydrogen | 14 K (25°R) | 20 K (37°R) | 1.45 |
| Hydrogen cyanide | 261 K (470°R) | 299 K (538°R) | 1.15 |
| Hydrogen sulfide | 191 K (344°R) | 213 K (384°R) | 1.12 |
| Indium | 430 K (774°R) | 2345 K (4221°R) | 5.46 |
| Iodine | 387 K (696°R) | 458 K (824°R) | 1.18 |
| Iron | 1811 K (3260°R) | 3134 K (5641°R) | 1.73 |
| Keplerium | 1580 K (2844°R) | 3366 K (6058°R) | 2.13 |
| Moscovium | 725 K (1306°R) | 1395 K (2511°R) | 1.92 |
| Lead | 601 K (1081°R) | 2022 K (3639°R) | 3.37 |
| Magnesium | 923 K (1661°R) | 1363 K (2454°R) | 1.48 |
| Mercury | 234 K (422°R) | 630 K (1134°R) | 2.69 |
| Methane | 91 K (163°R) | 112 K (202°R) | 1.23 |
| Neptunium | 917 K (1650°R) | 4175 K (7515°R) | 4.55 |
| Newtonium | 293 K (528°R) | 928 K (1670°R) | 3.16 |
| Nitric oxide | 109 K (197°R) | 121 K (217°R) | 1.10 |
| Nitrogen | 63 K (114°R) | 77 K (139°R) | 1.23 |
| Nitrogen dioxide | 262 K (471°R) | 294 K (530°R) | 1.12 |
| Oxygen | 54 K (98°R) | 90 K (162°R) | 1.66 |
| Phosphorus | 317 K (571°R) | 554 K (997°R) | 1.74 |
| Platinum | 2042 K (3675°R) | 4098 K (7376°R) | 2.01 |
| Plutonium | 913 K (1644°R) | 3501 K (6303°R) | 3.83 |
| Potassium | 337 K (606°R) | 1032 K (1857°R) | 3.07 |
| Ramson | 1201 K (2161°R) | 1254 K (2257°R) | 1.04 |
| Silicon | 1687 K (3036°R) | 3538 K (6368°R) | 2.10 |
| Silicon dioxide | 1903 K (3426°R) | 2504 K (4508°R) | 1.32 |
| Silver | 1235 K (2223°R) | 2435 K (4384°R) | 1.97 |
| Sodium | 371 K (668°R) | 1156 K (2080°R) | 3.12 |
| Sodium chloride | 1074 K (1933°R) | 1686 K (3035°R) | 1.57 |
| Sodium hydroxide | 591 K (1064°R) | 1661 K (2990°R) | 2.81 |
| Sulfur | 388 K (699°R) | 718 K (1292°R) | 1.85 |
| Sulfur dioxide | 201 K (361°R) | 263 K (473°R) | 1.31 |
| Sulfuric acid | 283 K (510°R) | 610 K (1098°R) | 2.15 |
| Teslium | 922 K (1660°R) | 2679 K (4823°R) | 2.91 |
| Thorium | 2023 K (3642°R) | 5061 K (9110°R) | 2.50 |
| Tin | 505 K (909°R) | 2875 K (5175°R) | 5.69 |
| Titanium | 1941 K (3493°R) | 3560 K (6408°R) | 1.83 |
| Tungsten | 3695 K (6651°R) | 5828 K (10490°R) | 1.58 |
| Uranium | 1408 K (2534°R) | 4404 K (7927°R) | 3.13 |
| Water | 273 K (492°R) | 373 K (672°R) | 1.37 |
| Zinc | 693 K (1247°R) | 1180 K (2125°R) | 1.70 |
Relationship with liquid range[]
Liquid ratio is somehow mathematically related to liquid range. The relationship states that if liquid ratio is greater than one, then liquid range is positive; if liquid ratio is less than one, then liquid range is negative.
Liquid range is directly proportional to phase transitions if liquid ratio is fixed according to the demonstration. If substance A has a melting point 500 K and boiling point 1000 K, corresponding to its liquid range of 500 K and liquid ratio of 2. If substance B has twice the liquid range, but with same liquid ratio, as substance A, then substance B would have melting point 1000 K and boiling point 2000 K. It is obtained simply by multiplying both melting and boiling points by substances B over A ratio in liquid ranges.
Conversely, liquid ratio is inversely proportional to phase transitions if liquid range is fixed according to the demonstration. If both substances B and C have a liquid range of 1000 K, but with different phase transitions. If substance B has a melting point 1000 K and boiling point 2000 K, then its liquid ratio is 2; if substance C has a melting point 2000 K and boiling point 3000 K, then its liquid ratio is just 1.5. It is obtained by dividing substances B over C ratios in both melting and boiling points and then multiplying the answer to liquid ratio of substance B to get liquid ratio of substance C.